MENSACHTIGEN EN MENS

INHOUD —-> https://tsjok45.wordpress.com/2012/09/03/evodisku/

 

De evolutie van de mens

Als evolutie geldt voor planten en dieren, waarom dan niet voor de mens? Volgens Darwin hebben wij een gemeenschappelijke voorouder met de (mens)apen. Vanuit deze voorouder ontwikkelden zich (onder andere) de eerste mensachtigen. Een paar miljoen jaar later bevolkten deze mensachtigen vanuit Afrika de hele wereld.

http://www.kennislink.nl/publicaties/de-evolutie-van-de-mens

Volgens Darwin is ook de mens een product van de evolutie en delen wij een gemeenschappelijke voorouder met apen. Dat is duidelijk te zien aan ons DNA, dat voor 98 procent gelijk is aan dat van chimpansee en bonobo. De laatste gemeenschappelijke voorouder van mens en deze twee apensoorten leefde waarschijnlijk vijf tot zeven miljoen jaar geleden. Vier miljoen jaar geleden ontstonden uit deze voorouder de oudste mensachtigen (Australopithecus). Er liepen robuuste exemplaren rond die met hun sterke kaken voornamelijk hard voedsel aten, maar ook slanke individuen die zich met zacht voedsel in leven hielden. Uit deze laatste groep ontstond 2,5 miljoen jaar geleden het geslacht‘Homo’, waar ook de moderne mens toe behoort.

Evolutie van het geslacht ‘Homo’ tot 2 miljoen jaar geleden. Afbeelding: ©Wikimedia

Mensachtigen zijn naar alle waarschijnlijkheid ontstaan in Afrika en de soortHomo erectus was 1,8 miljoen jaar geleden de eerste die Azië en later ook Europa koloniseerde. Deze Homo erectus vormde in Europa de voorouder van de Neanderthalers die 200.000 tot 40.000 jaar geleden leefden. Parallel aan de ontwikkelingen in Europa ging ook de evolutie van de mens in Afrika onverminderd door. De moderne mens (Homo sapiens) ontstond daar ongeveer 100.000 jaar geleden en verspreidde zich snel over de wereld door een massale migratie. Homo sapiens verdreef daarbij regionale populaties, zoals bijvoorbeeld de Neanderthalers in Europa, waardoor alle mensen die nu leven uiteindelijk afstammen van dezelfde Afrikaanse voorouder.

Kaart van vroege menselijke migraties volgens de mitochondriale populatiegenetica (getallen geven het aantal duizenden jaren geleden aan). De letters op de pijlen geven groepen mensen aan die tot dezelfde mitochondriale haplogroep behoren. Haplogroepen zijn een soort genetische indeling waarbij mensen worden ingedeeld op basis van de overeenkomstige variatie in het erfelijk materiaal (mitochondriale DNA) dat ze van hun moeder mee hebben kregen. Afbeelding: © Wikimedia

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutie_van_de_mens

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 *AFSTAMMING VAN DE MENS en de mensachtigen

DOSSIERS   NOORDERLICHT 

http://www.vpro.nl/programma/dnw/dossiers/9061166/

 

http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/09/24/another-creationist-drops-by-to-show-that-theres-no-evidence-for-evolution/dn9989-1_300/

Five skulls belonging to some ancestors and relatives of modern humans. From left to right, the skulls are: Australopithecus africanus (3-1.8 mya); Homo habilis (or H. rudolfensis, 2.1-1.6 mya); Homo erectus (or H. ergaster, 1.8-0.3 mya, although the ergaster classification is generally recognised to mean the earlier part of this period); a modern human (Homo sapiens sapiens) from the Qafzeh site in Israel, which is around 92,000 years old; and a French Cro-Magnon human from around 22,000 years ago (Image: Pascal Goetcheluck / SPL)

55 million years ago (MYA)  First primitive primates evolve

8 – 6 MYA  First gorillas evolve. Later, chimp and human lineages diverge

–>bipedalisme.docx (1.5 MB)

 5.8 MYA    Orrorin tugenensis, oldest human ancestor thought to have walked on two legs

 5.5 MYA     Ardipithecus, early “proto-human” shares traits with chimps and gorillas, and is forest-dwelling

4 MYA        Australopithecines appear. They have brains no larger than a chimpanzee’s – with a volume around 400 – 500 cm³ -, but walk upright on two legs. First human ancestors to live on the savannah

3.2 MYA  Lucy, famous specimen of Australopithecus afarensis, lives near what is now Hadar, Ethiopia

2.7 MYA   Paranthropus, lives in woods and grasslands, has massive jaws for chewing on roots and vegetation. Becomes extinct 1.2 MYA

2.5 MYA  Homo habilis appears. Its face protrudes less than earlier hominids, but still retains many ape features. Has a brain volume of around 600 cm³Hominids start to use stone tools regularly, created by splitting pebbles – this starts Oldowan tradition of toolmaking, which last a million yearsSome hominids develop meat-rich diets as scavengers, the extra energy may have favoured the evolution of larger brains

2 MYA Evidence of Homo ergaster, with a brain volume of up to 850 cm³, in Africa

1.8 – 1.5 MYA  Homo erectus is found in Asia. First true hunter-gatherer ancestor, and also first to have migrated out of Africa in large numbers. It attains a brain size of around 1000 cm³

 

1.6 MYA Possible first sporadic use of fire suggested by discoloured sediments in Koobi Fora, Kenya. More convincing evidence of charred wood and stone tools is found in Israel and dated to 780,000 years ago More complex Acheulean stone tools start to be produced and are the dominant technology until 100,000 years ago

600,000 YA  Homo Heidelbergensis lives in Africa and Europe. Similar brain capacity to modern humans

500,000 YA  Earliest evidence of purpose-built shelters – wooden huts – are known from sites near Chichibu, Japan

400,000 YA Early humans begin to hunt with spears

325,000 YA  Oldest surviving early human footprints are left by three people who scrambled down the slopes of a volcano in Italy

280,000 YA  First complex stone blades and grinding stones

230,000 YA Neanderthals appear and are found across Europe, from Britain in the west to Iran in the east, until they become extinct with the advent of modern humans 28,000 years ago

195,000 YA  Our own species Homo sapiens appears on the scene – and shortly after begins to migrate across Asia and Europe. Oldest modern human remains are two skulls found in Ethiopia that date to this period. Average human brain volume is 1350 cm³

 

170,000 YA  Mitochondrial Eve, the direct ancestor to all living people today, may have been living in Africa

150,000 YA   Humans possibly capable of speech. 100,000-year-old shell jewellery suggests that that people develop complex speech and symbolism

140,000 YA   First evidence of long-distance trade

110,000 YA   Earliest beads – made from ostrich eggshells – and jewellery

50,000 YA   “Great leap forward”: human culture starts to change much more rapidly than before; people begin burying their dead ritually; create clothes from animal hides; and develop complex hunting techniques, such as pit-traps.Colonisation of Australia by modern humans

33,000 YA Oldest cave art. Later, Stone Age artisans create the spectacular murals at Lascaux and Chauvet in France  Homo erectus dies out in Asia – replaced by modern man

18,000 YA  Homo Floresiensis, “Hobbit” people, found on the Indonesian island of Flores. They stand just over 1 metre tall, and have brains similar in size to chimpanzees, yet have advanced stone tools

12,000 YA  Modern people reach the Americas

10,000 YA  Agriculture develops and spread. First villages. Possible domestication of dogs

 5,500 YA  Stone Age ends and Bronze Age begins. Humans begin to smelt and work copper and tin, and use them in place of stone implements

5,000 YA  Earliest known writing

4,000 to 3,500 BC    The Sumerians of Mesopotamia develop the world’s first civilisation

http://www.newscientist.com/movie/becoming-human

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Paleo-ANTROPOLOGIE
°VERMENGING BINNEN HET GENUS HOMO EN BIJ ANDERE HOMINES.docx (846.7 KB)

• Homo
• Hominid

• Human Origins

http://archaeology.about.com/library/glossary/bldef_homo.htm

An artist’s reconstruction of Homo georgicus. Image courtesy of Wikicommons

The Broken Hill Skull (replica shown) was originally designated Homo rhodesiensis. Today, it’s typically considered a member of the species Homo heidelbergensis. Image: Gerbil/Wikicommons

http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/hominids/2012/04/four-species-of-homo-youve-never-heard-of/

http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/hominids/2012/12/four-species-of-homo-youve-never-heard-of-part-ii-2/

Homo	leeftijd (mln)	herseninhoud (1000cc)°HOMO SAPIENS.docx (4.4 MB)°ngandong , mungo , archaic africa.docx (.2 KB)
sapiens	0,15 – heden	1100 – 1400 TANDEN UIT DE QESEM GROT Xuchang mensOUDSTE HOMO SAPIENS FOSSIELEN IN AZIE →AFRICAN HOMO SAPIENShttp://phys.org/news/2013-06-beachcombing-early-humans-africa.html#nRlvhttp://phys.org/news/2013-05-human-culture-linked-rapid-climate.html#nRlv http://phys.org/news/2012-12-africa-homo-sapiens-techies.html#nRlv HOMO SAP →
floresiensis	0,09 – 0,01	ca 380     Hobbit is aparte soort ? » Reageer (2)Homo floresiensis →← Homo floresiensis
neanderthalensis	0,2 – 0,03	1300 – 1650Neanderthaler genoom Mitochondriale Genenkaart van Neanderthaler POLONAISE met neanderthalerNEANDERTHALERS →
heidelbergensis	0,8 – 0,2	Denisova , Dali , Homo rhodesiensis , red deer cave : fotoarchief en links →ca 1200     De tand des tijds / Heidelberg-mensHOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS →
antecessor	0,8	onbekend
erectus	1,8 – 0,1	800 – 1000   ← Homo erectus(ergaster ? ) DMANISI →  DMANISI AAP OF MENSCASABLANCA MAN /erectus ?°ngandong , mungo , archaic africa.docx (1000.2 KB)
ergaster	1,8 – 0,1	800 – 1000Een oeroud spoor Denisova : ZUID SIBERIË DENISOVA – mens
rudolfensis	2,5 – 1,9	ca 750HOMO RUDOLFENSIS →
habilis	2,5 – 1,6	600 – 750         ← HOMO HABILIS
	2.6	OLDOWAN  TOOLShttp://lithiccastinglab.com/gallery-pages/oldowanstonetools.htmhttp://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/tools/early-tools Oldowan Tools from Lokalalei, Kenya Olduvai Chopper It’s not clear which of our ancestors (or relatives) usd the Oldowan tools; suggestions have involved species of both Australopithecus or Homo (e.g., H. ergaster, H. habilis). They were first described in Tanzania but have been found in many other parts of Africa as well.
Paranthropus
robustus	2,0 – 1,2	550 – 600 Australopithecus robustus In the 1930’s and 40’s, the first specimens of robust australopithicines were discovered in east and southern Africa. These discoveries and the ones that have followed have considerably complicated our view of the hominid family tree. These creatures, which are now classified into several distinct species, represent a line – or several lines – of hominids which evolved alongside early human species and undoubtedly interacted with them.
boisei	2,6 – 1,0	400 – 500
aethiopicus	2,6 – 1,0	ca 400
Australopithecus		← AUSTRALOPITHECUS– australopithecus.docx (6.5 MB)
garhi	2,5	450
africanus	3,0 – 2,3	Sediba   https://tsjok45.wordpress.com/2012/09/23/overgang-naar-het-genus-homo-australopithecus-sediba/ca 400Australopithecus SEDIBA STERKFONTEIN 2010
afarensis	3,9 – 3,0	400 – 500  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)
bahrelghazali	3,5 – 3,0	onbekend
anamensis	4,2 – 3,9	< 400
		NOG EEN BENDE BIJTERS
Kenyanthropus		← KENYANTROPUS PLATYOPS
platyops	~ 3,5 – 3,2
Ardipithecus
ramidus ramidus	4,4	onbekend     Ardipithecus Ramidus ← Ardipithecus
ramidus kadabba	5,8 – 5,2	onbekend           ← Ardipithecus
Orrorin		← Orrorin tungenensis
tugenensis	~ 6	onbekend
		DE OUDSTE ? » Reageer (1) Nakalipithecus nakayamai (<) Alweer eentje ? …..
Sahelanthropus		← Sahelanthropus Tchadensies : TOUMAI
Tchadensis	~ 7 – 6	380 – 320

http://www.nature.com/nature/ancestor/

Classic papers

Dart, R. A. Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa
Nature 115, 195–199 (1925)
When Dart, an anatomist from South Africa, reported the first ‘ape-man’, he was derided by the same people who fell for the fraudulent Piltdown Man. But Piltdown was a fake and Dart was vindicated. The modern study of human origins starts here.
| Full Text (PDF) |

Leakey, L. S. B. A new fossil skull from Olduvai
Nature 184, 491–493 (1959)
Fossil-hunter Louis Leakey had been scouring East Africa for clues about human origins in vain for 30 years before he (or rather, his wife) hit the jackpot at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The new player on the fossil scene was lantern-jawed ‘Nutcracker man’.
| Full Text (PDF) |

Leakey, L. S. B., Tobias, P. V. and Napier, J. R. A new species of the genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge.
Nature 202, 7–9 (1964)
Leakey scores again with fossils associated with primitive tools. He announces Homo habilis — ‘handy man’ — the first fossil member of our own genus; and with him, the first stirrings of technology.
| Full Text (PDF) |

Leakey, R. E. F. Evidence for an advanced Plio-Pleistocene hominid from East Rudolf, Kenya
Nature 242, 447–450 (1973)
Richard Leakey — son of Louis — describes a skull as iconic as they come, but always known enigmatically as ‘1470’. Thought to belong to an early form of Homo (now Homo rudolfensis), this specimen is a key fossil in the understanding of human origins.
| Full Text (PDF) |

Johanson, D. C. and Taieb, M. Plio-Pleistocene hominid discoveries in Hadar, Ethiopia
Nature 260, 293–297 (1976)
Donald Johanson pushes the human story back beyond the 3-million-year-mark with a skeleton, later assigned to Australopithecus afarensis. The skeleton is now known as ‘Lucy’, after Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, the Beatles’ tune popular in the field camp.
| Full Text (PDF) |

Leakey, M. D. and Hay, R. L. Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil Beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania
Nature 278, 317–323 (1979)
When a volcanic eruption sent a rain of ash over what is now Tanzania, an adult and child, probably both Australopithecus afarensis, set out to watch the show — leaving, as a poignant souvenir, perfect and very modern-looking footprints, preserved in the ashfall.
| Full Text (PDF) |

Brown, F., Harris, J., Leakey, R. and Walker, A. Early Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya
Nature 316, 788–792 (1985)
This report of a young but surprisingly tall young Homo erectus male raises many questions about our own African genesis, and the origins of that very human feature called ‘childhood’.
| Full Text (PDF) |

Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M. & Wilson, A. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution
Nature 325, 31–36 (1987)
A molecular bombshell that traces the human story by comparing mitochondrial DNA frrom modern humans. The message is clear — all modern humans have their roots in Africa, and surprisingly recently, between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago.
| Full Text (PDF) |

Arsuaga, J.-L., Martínez, I., Gracia, A., Carretero, J.-M. & Carbonell, A. Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain
Nature 362, 534–537 (1993)
The ‘Pit of Bones’ near Burgos in Spain is a treasure-trove of information on the first Europeans. At around 300,000 years old, these skulls may have been close to the ancestry of the classic cave-man, Neanderthal Man.
| Full Text (PDF) |

White, T. D., Suwa, G. and Asfaw, B. Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia
Nature 371, 306–312 (1994)
Now known as Ardipithecus ramidus, this extremely primitive creature was the first member of the human family known from beyond 4 million years ago. Still controversial, its affinities with the new finds from Chad have yet to be investigated.
| Full Text (PDF) |

– archief van de afstamming van de mens.docx (4.7 MB)

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Verwanten en PRIMATEN 

PRIMATEN EVOLUTIE →

overzicht en commentaren <— SCHEDELS EN SKELETTEN  (beeldmateriaal)

Fossiele primaten en co <—-(beeldmateriaal)

Mensapen

Chororapithecus abessynicus →

← Pierolapithecus catalaunicus.

– aegyptopithecus en dergelijke.docx (4.3 MB)

(evodisku2)

Fossiele apen in 2010
Darwinius masillae
GANLEA megacanina
Orang oetan

Nog een aap uit de mouw
Saadanius hijazensi

LIBYA

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Menselijke  en mensachtigen  /vergelijkende  anatomie
DE HEUPEN VAN EVA

BIPEDALISME →

VERGELIJKINGEN   MENS DIER

Vergelijking mens dier (I ) →Vergelijking mens dier (I ) →

SLIMME CHIMPANSEE →

← GORILLA GENOME

HOMININES  COMPARATIVA      ← HOMININES COMPARATIVA

VERGELIJKING VAN SCHEDELS VAN MENSACHTIGEN <–

 fossil-hominids  <— TalkOfOrigin  archief  pdf ( jim foley ) 1996-1999